WOULD
Would' es el pasado de will en algunos casos y verbo auxiliar en otros. Convierte en potencial al verbo que le sigue y va seguido del verbo en forma base.
I would go - iría I would eat - comería
I would be - sería / estaría
I would have - tendría / habría
Affirmative
- I would go to the party.
Yo iría a la fiesta. - You would feel better.
Te sentirías mejor. - That would be great.
Eso sería genial. - We would help you.
Nosotros te ayudaríamos. - Joan would start to cry.
Joan comenzaría a llorar. - Glenn would come right away.
Glenn vendría enseguida. - They would get very angry.
Ellos se enojarían mucho.
Negative
- She would not be happy.
Ella no sería feliz. - We wouldn't spend all the money.
No gastaríamos todo el dinero. - I wouldn't do that.
Yo no haría eso.
Interrogative
- Would he give Patty a diamond ring?
¿Él le daría a Patty un anillo de diamantes? - Would you mind?
¿Te importaría?
Would + have
- I would have picked you up.
Yo te habría pasado a buscar. - We wouldn't have had enough time.
No habríamos tenido tiempo suficiente. - Matt would have said he was sorry.
Matt habría dicho que lo lamentaba.
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
- pronouns
- present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
- place and time expressions
- tenses (backshift)
| Type | Example |
|---|---|
| direct speech | “I speak English.” |
| reported speech (no backshift) | He says that he speaks English. |
| reported speech (backshift) | He said that he spoke English. |
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
- pronouns
- present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
- place and time expressions
- tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
- transform the question into an indirect question
- use the interrogative or if / whether
| Type | Example | |
|---|---|---|
| with interrogative | direct speech | “Why don’t you speak English?” |
| reported speech | He asked me why I didn’t speak English. | |
| without interrogative | direct speech | “Do you speak English?” |
| reported speech | He asked me whether / if I spoke English. | |
Requests
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
- pronouns
- place and time expressions
| Type | Example |
|---|---|
| direct speech | “Carol, speak English.“ |
| reported speech | He told Carol to speak English. |
Additional Information and Exeptions
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:
- main clauses connected with and / but
- tense of the introductory clause
- reported speech for difficult tenses
- exeptions for backshift
- requests with must, should, ought to and let’s
Comparatives and Superlatives
Forming regular comparatives and superlatives
- We use comparatives to compare two things or two people. (e.g She is taller than her husband.)
- Superlatives are used, however, to compare to show the difference between more than two things or more than two people. (e.g Paris is the biggest city in France)
- To form comparatives and superlatives you need to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like "sound beats".
For instance:
- "find" contains one syllable,
- but "finding" contains two — find and ing.
The rules to form comparatives and superlatives:
1. One syllable adjective ending in a silent 'e' — nice
2. One syllable adjective ending in one vowel and one consonant — big
- Comparative — add 'r' — nicer
- Superlative — add 'st' — nicest
3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel — high, cheap
- Comparative — the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added —bigger
- Superlative — the consonant is doubled and 'est' is added—biggest
4. A two syllable adjective ending in 'y' — happy
- Comparative — 'er' is added — higher, cheaper
- Superlative — 'est is added — highest, cheapest
5. Tow syllable or more adjectives without 'y' at the end — exciting
- Comparative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added — happier
- Superlative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'est' is added — happiest
Examples:
- Comparative — more + the adjective + than — more exciting than
- Superlative — more + the adjective + than — the most exciting
- The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.
- Egypt is much hotter than Sweden.
- Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
- This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.
Charley is younger than Peter.Irregular comparatives and superlatives
Adjectives Comparatives Superlatives bad worse worst far(distance) farther farthest far(extent) further furthest good better best little less least many more most much more most How to use comparatives and superlatives
Comparatives Superlatives Comparatives are used to compare two things or two people:
Alan is taller than John.Superlatives are used to compare more than two things or two people. Superlative sentences usually use 'the':
Alan is the most intelligent.
Similarities
To express similarities use the following structure:
Examples:
- Mike is as intelligent as Nancy.
- Larry is as popular as Oprah.
Asignment 4. Please write an opinion using comparatives and superlatives on how life in the U.S., U.K or Australia is different from that of their home country.
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